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Climate Change

The outlining of glacier area can helps in determining fresh water reserves, as well as it provides an indicator of climate change. The Peruvian Cordillera Blanca's glaciers are melting with rapid rates due to global warming. Its area has reduced drastically in last 25 years. The precipitation is extremely sparse; therefore, the glaciers are very important for the region. If it will disappear, local agriculture, farming activities and cities will change into desert. The variations of temperature, as well as the amount of precipitation and solar energy received are the key factors that reduce the glacier's mass (Silverio, April 15, 2005). “According to our estimates, the Cordillera Blanca had a glaciers area of 643 km2 in 1987, compared to 600 km2 in 1996 : this 43 km2 difference for a 9-year period means a decrease rate of 4.8 km2 year−1. Compared to the 721 km2 estimated for 1970, the glacier recession amounts to 15% in 25 years” (Silverio, April 15, 2005). Several coastal citie’s water supplies are at risk due to the rising sea level. The rising tides and floods in the coastal cities will invade the porous rocks that hold fresh water. This problem will be compounded by population growth and falling water levels due to low rainfall. Salt water is already penetrated 5 kilometers beneath Manila, in the Philippines, while the water level is sinking. As sea levels rise, the invasion will accelerate, which will change these cities into desert (Pearce, April 16, 2005). “Large areas of south and east England rely on underground water that is already over-extracted. Trend of low rain will further decline 20 to 40 per cent in recharge to the UK's reserves over the next 20 years, and at the same time water demand for gardens and crop irrigation will rise by a third or more” (Pearce, April 16, 2005).

The countries surrounded with desert they distilled the sea water to fulfill their drinking water requirement. The shrinking rivers, water reserves are now forcing other countries to use this method to fulfill their needs. The water deficit in the area around Tianjin (China’s third largest city) now exceeds 100 million cubic meters a day. China is planning to build a large plant to overcome the shortage. Malta is now getting two-thirds of its drinking water by distillation process called Reverse Osmosis. “UK’s Thames Water will be building a £200 million reverse osmosis plant on the river Thames that will produce up to 150,000 cubic meters a day, enough to meet the domestic needs of almost a million people. The plant, which will take estuary water that is only a quarter as salty as the sea, will be an emergency back-up in case of drought, rather than a regular source of supply. There are now some pilot projects harnessing nuclear power plants to desalinate seawater, the latest being in Chennai, India” (Pearce, July 10, 2004).

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